TABLE COMPARING UMBILICAL HERNIA,

OMPHALOCELE AND GASTROSCHISIS

	“Physiological Hernia”	Omphalocele	Gastroschisis
Embryology	Normal development of body folds. Failed return of midgut from cord. Patent umbilical ring	Primary failure of lateral ventral folds to form the primitive umbilical ring	Primary body folds develop normally. Vascular disruption of right umbilical vein.
Stage of Anomaly	12-14 weeks	3-5 weeks	5-6 weeks
Genetics	Sporadic	Familial occurrence	Sporadic
Organ herniation & location	Small intestines Into the cord	Bowel, liver, gall-bladder Into a herniated sac	Small intestine Paramedian
Cord insertion	Normal Skin intact	On apex of herniated sac. Skin defect. Covering membrane	Normal. To left of evisceration. No membrane on defect
Rectus insertion	Normal In midline	Broad insertion Laterally on costal margins.	Normal In midline
Other Anomalies	Rare	Common (50-70%)	Less common
Bowel Complications	Malrotation Volvulus Obstruction	Rare	Obstruction (15%)
Abnormal Karyotype	Not reported	30-40%	Rare