AIDS  

 

Ultrasound

Oligohydramnios (5).
IUGR (6,7).
Premature rupture of membranes (6).
Nonimmune hydrops (6).
Intrauterine demise and stillbirths (7).
Other co-existing infections in the mother (8):
  - Syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia and genital herpes.
  - Toxoplasmosis, CMV and tuberculosis can co-exist.

 

 

REFERENCES

  1. Minkoff H, Mofenson L. The role of obstetric interventions in the prevention of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:1167-1175.
  2. The European Collaborative Study: Cesarean section and risk of vertical transmission of HIV-I infection. Lancet 1994;343:1464-1467.
  3. Hunziker RD, Gambel P, Wegmann TG. Placenta as a selective barrier to cellular traffic. J Immunol 1984;133:667-671.
  4. Semba R, Miotti P, Chiphangwi J et.al. Maternal vitamin A deficiency and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-I. Lancet 1994;343:1593-1597.
  5. Bardeguez A, Taylor U, Apuzzio J et.al. Characteristics of pregnant women infected with human immunodeficiency virus I (abstract WB 2044). In: International AIDS meeting, Florence, Italy, 1991.
  6. Minkoff H, deRegt RH, Landesman S et.al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in pregnancy: A report of three maternal deaths. Obstet Gynecol 1986;67:284-287.
  7. The Wits Study Group: Characteristics of a cohort of HIV seropositive pregnant women recruited into the women and infants transmission study (Wits) (abstract WC 3256). International AIDS meeting, Florence, Italy, 1991
  8. Minkoff HL, Henderson C, Mendez H et.al. Serious infections during pregnancy among women with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:30-34.
  9. Branch DW. Thoughts on the mechanism of pregnancy loss associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1994;3:275-278.
  10. Langston C, Lewis DE, Hammill HA et.al. Excess intrauterine fetal demise associated with maternal human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1995;172:1451-1460.
  11. Byrne Y, Warburton D, Kline J et.al. Morphology of early fetal deaths and their chromosomal characteristics. Teratology 1985;32:297-315.
  12. Simpson JL, Mills JL, Holmes LB et.al. Low fetal loss rate after ultrasound-proved viability in early pregnancy. JAMA 1987;258:2555-25557.